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1\u3001 \u65e5\u672c\u6253\u65ad\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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2\u3001 \u82f1\u56fd\u5377\u571f\u91cd\u6765<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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1\u3001\u5a46\u7f57\u6d32\u8054\u90a6\u95ee\u9898\u98ce\u6ce2\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

20\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u6587\u83b1\u8fd8\u9762\u4e34\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4e0e\u6c99\u635e\u8d8a\u3001\u6c99\u5df4\u5408\u5e76\u7ec4\u6210\u5a46\u7f57\u6d32\u8054\u90a6\u8fd8\u662f\u52a0\u76df\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u8054\u90a6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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1961\u5e745\u670827\u65e5\uff0c\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u603b\u7406\u62c9\u8d6b\u66fc\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5efa\u7acb\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u8054\u90a6\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u9080\u8bf7\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u3001\u6587\u83b1\u3001\u6c99\u635e\u8d8a\u548c\u6c99\u5df4\u53c2\u52a0\u3002\u6587\u83b1\u82cf\u4e39\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u5efa\u8bae\u8868\u793a\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u6587\u83b1\u4eba\u6c11\u515a\u5219\u660e\u786e\u8868\u793a\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u662f\u60f3\u652f\u914d\u6587\u83b1\uff0c\u4f7f\u6587\u83b1\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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1963\u5e744\u670810\u65e5\uff0c\u6587\u83b1\u82cf\u4e39\u8d74\u4f26\u6566\u540c\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5c31\u4fee\u6539\u5baa\u6cd5\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u8c08\u5224\u3002\u5728\u8d74\u4f26\u6566\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u82cf\u4e39\u901a\u8fc7\u6587\u83b1\u5e7f\u64ad\u7535\u53f0\u53d1\u8868\u8bb2\u8bdd\u3002\u4ed6\u5ba3\u79f0\uff0c\u4fee\u6539\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u63d0\u9ad8\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u6548\u7387\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u56fd\u5185\u548c\u5e73\u4e0e\u5b89\u5b9a\u7684\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u91c7\u53d6\u91cd\u5927\u63aa\u65bd\u6765\u201c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5bc6\u5207\u4eba\u6c11\u548c\u884c\u653f\u5f53\u5c40\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u523b\u5df2\u7ecf\u5230\u6765\u3002\u4ed6\u4ece\u4f26\u6566\u56de\u56fd\u540e\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u58f0\u660e\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7279\u522b\u8c08\u5230\uff0c\u5f851965\u5e743\u6708\u4e3e\u884c\u9009\u4e3e\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u79ef\u6781\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u63a8\u884c\u5baa\u653f\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u91c7\u53d6\u63aa\u65bd\u52a0\u901f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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1967\u5e7410\u67084\u65e5\uff0c\u6587\u83b1\u7a81\u7136\u4f20\u51fa\u4e00\u5219\u6d88\u606f\uff1a\u8fdc\u975e\u5e74\u8fc8\u7684\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u82cf\u4e39\u5373\u5c06\u8ba9\u4f4d\u7ed9\u4ed6\u5e74\u4ec522\u5c81\u7684\u957f\u5b50\u54c8\u6851\u7eb3\u5c14\u00b7\u535a\u5c14\u57fa\u4e9a\u3002\u82cf\u4e39\u5728\u58f0\u660e\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4e8e10\u67084\u65e5\u9000\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e8b\u51fa\u6211\u672c\u4eba\u81ea\u613f\uff0c\u671b\u543e\u6c11\u4f17\u89c6\u4e4b\u4e3a\u5f53\u7136\u4e4b\u4e3e\u3002\u4eca\u9000\u4f4d\u5df2\u5b9a\uff0c\u6bcb\u5eb8\u66f4\u6539\u3002\u201d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u82cf\u4e39\u5965\u739b\u5c14\u00b7\u963f\u91cc\u00b7\u8d5b\u91cc\u592b\u6c40\u9000\u4f4d\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6587\u83b1\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u6587\u4ef6\u672a\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u8bb0\u8f7d\u300210\u67085\u65e5\uff0c\u54c8\u6851\u7eb3\u4ee3\u539f\u6765\u7684\u884c\u653f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u9762\u7684\u53d8\u9769\u5e76\u672a\u5bf9\u6587\u83b1\u539f\u6709\u7684\u6743\u529b\u7ed3\u6784\u4ea7\u751f\u591a\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u65b0\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u9662\u548c\u90e8\u957f\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6210\u5458\u4ecd\u7531\u82cf\u4e39\u4efb\u547d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u51e0\u4e2a\u6210\u5458\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u541b\u4e3b\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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1963\u5e744\u670810\u65e5\uff0c\u6587\u83b1\u82cf\u4e39\u8d74\u4f26\u6566\u540c\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5c31\u4fee\u6539\u5baa\u6cd5\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u8c08\u5224\u3002\u5728\u8d74\u4f26\u6566\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u82cf\u4e39\u901a\u8fc7\u6587\u83b1\u5e7f\u64ad\u7535\u53f0\u53d1\u8868\u8bb2\u8bdd\u3002\u4ed6\u5ba3\u79f0\uff0c\u4fee\u6539\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u63d0\u9ad8\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u6548\u7387\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u56fd\u5185\u548c\u5e73\u4e0e\u5b89\u5b9a\u7684\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u91c7\u53d6\u91cd\u5927\u63aa\u65bd\u6765\u201c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5bc6\u5207\u4eba\u6c11\u548c\u884c\u653f\u5f53\u5c40\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u523b\u5df2\u7ecf\u5230\u6765\u3002\u4ed6\u4ece\u4f26\u6566\u56de\u56fd\u540e\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u58f0\u660e\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7279\u522b\u8c08\u5230\uff0c\u5f851965\u5e743\u6708\u4e3e\u884c\u9009\u4e3e\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u79ef\u6781\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u63a8\u884c\u5baa\u653f\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u91c7\u53d6\u63aa\u65bd\u52a0\u901f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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1967\u5e7410\u67084\u65e5\uff0c\u6587\u83b1\u7a81\u7136\u4f20\u51fa\u4e00\u5219\u6d88\u606f\uff1a\u8fdc\u975e\u5e74\u8fc8\u7684\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u82cf\u4e39\u5373\u5c06\u8ba9\u4f4d\u7ed9\u4ed6\u5e74\u4ec522\u5c81\u7684\u957f\u5b50\u54c8\u6851\u7eb3\u5c14\u00b7\u535a\u5c14\u57fa\u4e9a\u3002\u82cf\u4e39\u5728\u58f0\u660e\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4e8e10\u67084\u65e5\u9000\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e8b\u51fa\u6211\u672c\u4eba\u81ea\u613f\uff0c\u671b\u543e\u6c11\u4f17\u89c6\u4e4b\u4e3a\u5f53\u7136\u4e4b\u4e3e\u3002\u4eca\u9000\u4f4d\u5df2\u5b9a\uff0c\u6bcb\u5eb8\u66f4\u6539\u3002\u201d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u82cf\u4e39\u5965\u739b\u5c14\u00b7\u963f\u91cc\u00b7\u8d5b\u91cc\u592b\u6c40\u9000\u4f4d\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6587\u83b1\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u6587\u4ef6\u672a\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u8bb0\u8f7d\u300210\u67085\u65e5\uff0c\u54c8\u6851\u7eb3\u5c14\u00b7\u535a\u5c14\u57fa\u4e9a\u7ee7\u627f\u738b\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1968\u5e748\u67081\u65e5\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u52a0\u5195\u5178\u793c\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u6587\u83b1\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u82cf\u4e39\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a93\u79f0\u5c06\u7ee7\u7eed\u6267\u884c\u5176\u7236\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

60\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u6587\u83b1\u7684\u9a7b\u519b\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u6587\u83b1\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u95ee\u9898\u5f00\u59cb\u63d0\u4e0a\u8bae\u4e8b\u65e5\u7a0b\u30021966\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u9996\u76f8\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u5ba3\u5e03\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u662f\u6587\u83b1\u5e94\u6062\u590d\u627f\u62c5\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5728\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5bf9\u4e24\u56fd\u4e8e1959\u5e74\u7b7e\u7f72\u7684\u534f\u8bae\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u8ba2\u30021967\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5ba3\u5e03\u5c06\u57281971\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\u4ece\u82cf\u4f0a\u58eb\u8fd0\u6cb3\u4ee5\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u64a4\u519b\u3002\u6587\u83b1\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u64a4\u519b\u540e\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u53ca\u5176\u56fd\u5185\u5b89\u5168\u4e0e\u7a33\u5b9a\u4e0d\u65e0\u62c5\u5fe7\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u6587\u83b1\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6b66\u88c5\u529b\u91cf\u5c1a\u5f31\u5c0f\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u4e5f\u8fdc\u672a\u5065\u5168\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u613f\u82f1\u65b9\u64a4\u8d70\u5ed3\u5c14\u5580\u90e8\u961f\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u613f\u88ab\u5306\u5306\u63a8\u5411\u5b8c\u5168\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u82cf\u4e39\u6b63\u5f0f\u52a0\u5195\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u82cf\u4e39\u7684\u966a\u540c\u4e0b\u4e8e1968\u5e7411\u6708\u8d74\u4f26\u6566\u4e0e\u82f1\u65b9\u4e3e\u884c\u8c08\u5224\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5bf9\u4e24\u56fd1959\u5e74\u534f\u8bae\u8fdb\u884c\u5ba1\u8bae\uff0c\u5e76\u5c31\u6587\u83b1\u7684\u9632\u52a1\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u9a7b\u624e\u6587\u83b1\u7684\u5ed3\u5c14\u5580\u90e8\u961f\u5730\u4f4d\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u591a\u6b21\u5546\u8c08\u3002\u540c\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u82cf\u4e39\u518d\u6b21\u7387\u56e2\u8d74\u4f26\u6566\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3e\u884c\u8c08\u5224\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6b21\u8c08\u5224\u4e2d\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u8fbe\u6210\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u5ed3\u5c14\u5580\u90e8\u961f\u7ee7\u7eed\u9a7b\u7559\u6587\u83b1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1971\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u6587\u83b1\u82cf\u4e39\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u53ca\u8054\u90a6\u4e8b\u52a1\u653f\u52a1\u6b21\u5b98\u5b89\u4e1c\u5c3c\u00b7\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u8303\u8096\u00b7\u7f57\u4f0a\u5c14\uff08AnthonyHenry Fanshawe Royle\uff09\u5206\u522b\u4ee3\u8868\u4e24\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5728\u65af\u91cc\u5df4\u52a0\u6e7e\u5e02\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u5927\u53a6\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u300a\u6587\u83b1\u56fd\u82cf\u4e39\u548c\u5143\u9996\u6bbf\u4e0b\u4e0e\u5927\u4e0d\u5217\u98a0\u53ca\u5317\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u8054\u5408\u738b\u56fd\u5973\u738b\u965b\u4e0b\u5173\u4e8e\u4fee\u8ba21959\u5e74\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u53cb\u597d\u5408\u4f5c\u534f\u8bae\u300b\u3002\u8be5\u534f\u8bae\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5973\u738b\u5e94\u7ee7\u7eed\u8d1f\u8d23\u6587\u83b1\u7684\u5bf9\u5916\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u4f46\u6587\u83b1\u7684\u56fd\u9632\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u5e94\u7531\u53cc\u65b9\u5171\u540c\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u6587\u83b1\u5e94\u4eab\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u81ea\u6cbb\u3002\u8be5\u534f\u8bae\u5bf91959\u5e74\u534f\u8bae\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u5c06\u539f\u534f\u8bae\u4e2d\u5973\u738b\u6d3e\u9a7b\u6587\u83b1\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u4ece\u201c\u5973\u738b\u965b\u4e0b\u9ad8\u4e13\u201d\u6539\u4e3a\u201c\u82f1\u56fd\u9ad8\u4e13\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u5973\u738b\u7ee7\u7eed\u4eab\u6709\u5236\u5b9a\u6587\u83b1\u6709\u5173\u5bf9\u5916\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u6743\u3002\u5973\u738b\u540c\u610f\u5c06\u6839\u636e\u8be5\u6761\u6b3e\u901a\u77e5\u82cf\u4e39\u5df2\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u6216\u5373\u5c06\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u6709\u5173\u884c\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u4e3a\u6ee1\u8db3\u6587\u83b1\u56fd\u9632\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u82cf\u4e39\u5c06\u5efa\u7acb\u3001\u88c5\u5907\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\u7ef4\u6301\u56fd\u5185\u516c\u5171\u6cbb\u5b89\u6240\u9700\u7684\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u519b\u961f\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u8be5\u519b\u961f\u6210\u4e3a\u6587\u83b1\u5bf9\u5916\u9632\u52a1\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9053\u9632\u7ebf\uff1b\u6587\u83b1\u65b9\u9762\u5e94\u5411\u5973\u738b\u9a7b\u624e\u5728\u6587\u83b1\u7684\u519b\u961f\u6216\u7ecf\u82cf\u4e39\u540c\u610f\u5230\u6587\u83b1\u8fdb\u884c\u8bad\u7ec3\u6216\u6f14\u4e60\u7684\u519b\u961f\u7ed9\u4e88\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u6743\uff1b\u5973\u738b\u5e94\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u529b\u6240\u80fd\u53ca\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5411\u82cf\u4e39\u519b\u961f\u7684\u4eba\u4e8b\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u8bad\u7ec3\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u82cf\u4e39\u8b66\u5bdf\u90e8\u961f\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u63d0\u4f9b\u534f\u52a9\u548c\u4e13\u5bb6\u54a8\u8be2\uff1b\u4ee5\u7ef4\u62a4\u6587\u83b1\u56fd\u9632\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u5973\u738b\u519b\u961f\u6216\u5973\u738b\u6388\u6743\u8005\u53ef\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019\u81ea\u7531\u8fdb\u51fa\u6587\u83b1\uff1b\u5e94\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u6587\u83b1\u9632\u52a1\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u53cc\u65b9\u8054\u5408\u5e38\u8bbe\u534f\u8c03\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u5b9a\u671f\u6216\u4e0d\u5b9a\u671f\u8fdb\u884c\u63a5\u89e6\u548c\u6c9f\u901a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u534f\u8bae\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6587\u83b1\u56fd\u5185\u516c\u5171\u79e9\u5e8f\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u5e94\u7531\u82cf\u4e39\u7684\u516c\u5171\u4fdd\u5b89\u90e8\u961f\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u9762\u4e34\u5916\u6765\u653b\u51fb\u6216\u5a01\u80c1\u65f6\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u5e94\u534f\u5546\u51b3\u5b9a\u5206\u522b\u6216\u8054\u5408\u91c7\u53d6\u4f55\u79cd\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u5728\u4e0d\u80fd\u5206\u6e05\u5185\u90e8\u6216\u5916\u6765\u5b89\u5168\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e24\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5e94\u5546\u8bae\u5224\u5b9a\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u53d7\u5230\u5916\u56fd\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6216\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1971\u5e74\u534f\u8bae\u7b7e\u7f72\u540e\uff0c\u6587\u65b9\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u6587\u83b1\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u52bf\u5728\u5fc5\u884c\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u957f\u4e45\u62d6\u5ef6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u52a0\u7d27\u7b79\u5907\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u6b65\u4f10\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\u9762\u5bf9\u4e0e\u5468\u8fb9\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5bf9\u6297\u5c40\u9762\uff0c\u6587\u83b1\u4f18\u5148\u8003\u8651\u56fd\u9632\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u5927\u529b\u52a0\u5f3a\u6587\u83b1\u7687\u5bb6\u9a6c\u6765\u519b\u56e2\uff08\u6587\u83b1\u7687\u5bb6\u6b66\u88c5\u90e8\u961f\u7684\u524d\u8eab\uff09\u3001\u7a7a\u519b\u3001\u6d77\u519b\u4ee5\u53ca\u8b66\u5bdf\u90e8\u961f\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u3002\u6839\u636e1971\u5e74\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u8be5\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u4fee\u6539\u987b\u5728\u7b7e\u7ea6\u4e00\u65b9\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u5e74\u540e\u8fdb\u884c\u8c08\u5224\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

70\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5de5\u515a\u653f\u5e9c\u91cd\u65b0\u4e0a\u53f0\u540e\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a8\u52a8\u89e3\u51b3\u6587\u83b1\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b8c\u5168\u72ec\u7acb\u548c\u64a4\u8d70\u5ed3\u5c14\u5580\u90e8\u961f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e8e1974\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u5bf91971\u5e74\u534f\u8bae\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u6539\u30021975\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u82cf\u4e39\u8d74\u82f1\u56fd\u5c31\u5ed3\u5c14\u5580\u90e8\u961f\u548c\u6587\u83b1\u672a\u6765\u5730\u4f4d\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u8c08\u5224\uff0c\u672a\u679c\u3002\u7fcc\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u82cf\u4e39\u518d\u6b21\u8d74\u82f1\u8c08\u5224\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u5c31\u6761\u7ea6\u5185\u5bb9\u8fbe\u6210\u4e00\u81f4\u30021978\u5e749\u670829\u65e5\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u5728\u6587\u83b1\u8349\u7b7e\u4e86\u6761\u7ea6\u30021979\u5e741\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u82cf\u4e39\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u53ca\u8054\u90a6\u4e8b\u52a1\u90e8\u957f\u6208\u4f26\u97e6\uff0d\u7f57\u4f2f\u8328\uff08Goronwy-Roberts\uff09\u5206\u522b\u4ee3\u8868\u4e24\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u6587\u83b1\u65af\u91cc\u5df4\u52a0\u6e7e\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a\u5927\u53a6\u6b63\u5f0f\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a\u6587\u83b1\u82f1\u56fd\u53cb\u597d\u5408\u4f5c\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u3002\u8be5\u6761\u7ea6\u4ece1983\u5e7412\u670831\u65e5\u8d77\u751f\u6548\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u6587\u83b1\u540c\u610f\u4ece1984\u5e741\u67081\u65e5\u8d77\u6062\u590d\u5c65\u884c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u6743\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u56fd\u9645\u4e49\u52a1\uff1b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u51b3\u5fc3\u4f7f\u4e24\u56fd\u957f\u671f\u3001\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u53cb\u8c0a\u548c\u5408\u4f5c\u5173\u7cfb\u7ee7\u7eed\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002\u4e24\u56fd\u5173\u7cfb\u5e94\u4ee5\u5bc6\u5207\u53cb\u597d\u7cbe\u795e\u4e3a\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c\u5728\u7ef4\u62a4\u672c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u4e0e\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5171\u540c\u5229\u76ca\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u534f\u5546\u8ba8\u8bba\u6d89\u53ca\u53cc\u65b9\u5171\u540c\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ee5\u548c\u5e73\u65b9\u5f0f\u89e3\u51b3\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u5206\u6b67\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5c06\u4e0d\u518d\u627f\u62c5\u6587\u83b1\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u5916\u4ea4\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u4f46\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6587\u83b1\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u6267\u884c\u5bf9\u5916\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\u6240\u9700\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u548c\u9886\u4e8b\u65b9\u9762\u5e2e\u52a9\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u8bf7\u6c42\u5c06\u7ed9\u4e88\u540c\u60c5\u7684\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u5728\u6587\u83b1\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u540c\u5176\u6ca1\u6709\u5efa\u7acb\u5916\u4ea4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6216\u6587\u83b1\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e4b\u95f4\u8d77\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff1b\u63a8\u52a8\u548c\u534f\u52a9\u6587\u83b1\u8fdb\u5165\u5b83\u6240\u62a4\u7167\u63d0\u4f9b\u54a8\u8be2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u5e94\u9f13\u52b1\u53cc\u65b9\u8fdb\u884c\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u6587\u5316\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u589e\u8fdb\u53cc\u65b9\u5728\u6587\u5316\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4e86\u89e3\uff1b\u589e\u8fdb\u53cc\u65b9\u4e13\u4e1a\u56e2\u4f53\u548c\u6587\u5316\u673a\u6784\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff1b\u9f13\u52b1\u53cc\u65b9\u8fdb\u884c\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u53cc\u65b9\u5728\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u548c\u8d38\u6613\u9886\u57df\u4fdd\u6301\u5bc6\u5207\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014\u2014\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u6587\u83b1\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e94\u7ee7\u7eed\u5c3d\u529b\u5e2e\u52a9\u6587\u83b1\u516c\u5171\u90e8\u95e8\u8fdb\u884c\u4eba\u4e8b\u62db\u8058\u548c\u4eba\u5458\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1983\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u6587\u83b1\u5b98\u65b9\u5ba3\u5e03\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4ece1984\u5e741\u67081\u65e5\u8d77\u653e\u5f03\u5176\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u6587\u83b1\u7684\u56fd\u9632\u548c\u5916\u4ea4\u6743\u529b\u3002\u6587\u83b1\u6b63\u5f0f\u5ba3\u5e03\u5b8c\u5168\u72ec\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1984\u5e741\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u6587\u83b1\u82cf\u4e39\u5728\u9996\u90fd\u65af\u91cc\u5df4\u52a0\u6e7e\u5e02\u5411\u5168\u56fd\u5ba3\u8bfb\u4e86\u72ec\u7acb\u5ba3\u8a00\u3002\u5ba3\u8a00\u7684\u5168\u6587\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8d5e\u626c\u5b87\u5b99\u4e4b\u4e3b\u5b89\u62c9\uff0c\u613f\u4ed6\u7684\u6148\u7965\u53ca\u548c\u5e73\u666e\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u9886\u8896\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6587\u83b1\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u662f\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u4f46\u57281847\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u7279\u522b\u534f\u8bae\u4e0b\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0e\u6587\u83b1\u4e8e1888\u5e74\u540c\u610f\u7531\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u8d1f\u8d23\u6587\u83b1\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e0a\u4efb\u82cf\u4e39\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u82cf\u4e39\u5965\u739b\u5c14\u00b7\u963f\u91cc\u00b7\u8d5b\u91cc\u592b\u6c40\u57281959\u5e74\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e86\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e76\u4f7f\u56fd\u5bb6\u66f4\u5177\u6709\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4eca\u5929\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6211\u4eec\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u5973\u738b\u57281979\u5e74\u7b7e\u7f72\u53cb\u597d\u53ca\u5408\u4f5c\u6761\u7ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u4eec\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u5973\u738b\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u6362\u5907\u5fd8\u5f55\uff0c\u4e24\u56fd\u540c\u610f\u5728\u6240\u6709\u82f1\u3001\u6587\u4e24\u56fd\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u534f\u5b9a\u5b89\u6392\u4e0b\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5bf9\u6587\u83b1\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6743\u529b\u3001\u4e49\u52a1\u53ca\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u6743\u53ca\u72ec\u7acb\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u5df2\u57281983\u5e7412\u670831\u65e5\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5916\u4ea4\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u57281984\u5e74\u91cd\u65b0\u56de\u5230\u6587\u83b1\u82cf\u4e39\u624b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u5728\u6148\u7231\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u7075\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u6587\u83b1\u82cf\u4e39\u54c8\u6851\u7eb3\u5c14\u00b7\u535a\u5c14\u57fa\u4e9a\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u4ee5\u6211\u7684\u540d\u4e49\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u6211\u3001\u6211\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u8005\u4e0e\u6587\u83b1\u4eba\u6c11\u5ba3\u544a\uff0c\u4ece\u4eca\u5929\u5373\u516c\u51431984\u5e741\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u767b\u57fa\u7684\u7b2c17\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u6587\u83b1\u5728\u5b89\u62c9\u5e87\u4f51\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u4fe1\u4efb\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u539f\u5219\u4e0b\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u6743\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u53ca\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u9a6c\u6765\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u56fd\u3002\u6c38\u8fdc\u8ffd\u6c42\u5b89\u62c9\u7684\u795d\u798f\u4e0e\u6307\u793a\uff0c\u7ef4\u62a4\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6b22\u4e50\u3001\u798f\u5229\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u4e0e\u548c\u5e73\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u76f8\u4e92\u5c0a\u91cd\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u4e3b\u6743\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u4ee5\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u9886\u571f\u5b8c\u6574\u3001\u4e0d\u53d7\u5916\u6765\u5e72\u9884\u7684\u539f\u5219\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u4fdd\u6301\u53cb\u597d\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u613f\u53d7\u8d5e\u626c\u4e0e\u5723\u660e\u7684\u5b89\u62c9\uff0c\u613f\u5148\u77e5\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\uff0c\u795d\u798f\u6587\u83b1\u4ee5\u81f3\u6c38\u8fdc\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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